Security in the language of business economics is the written (or electronic) evidence of ownership that provides the right to receive property or some other benefit that is currently not in direct possession of the holder. That is a pretty boring way of saying it is a piece of paper that says you own a chunk of a company or at least a chunk of its profits.
The most common forms of security are Stocks and Bonds, the buying and selling of these forms of security are the bread and butter of the stock market exchange. Both stocks and bonds are a type of corporate security. Bonds represent a debt of the corporation while stocks represent ownership or equity interest in the operations of a company.
Bonds Come In All Flavors and Sizes
A bond is a tool used by companies to raise money to invest in their business. The bond signifies the promise of the corporation to pay back the price of the bond with interest paid throughout the life of the bond at preset periods of time.
Bonds are good for investment because they tend to provide a safer return on the investment but still provide relatively high dividends.
Bonds are very flexible which is why they are such an attractive type of investment. They can be registered to a certain person, a group of people or, as it is more common, they are made payable to the bearer. The bondholder, whoever he may be, receives his interest payments by redeeming coupons attached to bond. These characteristics make bonds an excellent form of cash, which gives interest but is generally easily liquidated when needed.
However, companies would struggle if asked to pay all their bonds at once which is why it is common for them to pay them gradually through serial maturity dates or by using a sinking fund that saves a certain percentage of profit in order to pay outstanding bonds. It is smart therefore to make sure what type of policy the company you buy bonds from so there are no surprises when you need to cash in your bonds.
The main type of bond is the Mortgage Bond. This bond represents a claim on a real, specific property. These bonds are of the safer types and ordinarily results in bond owners receiving a priority treatment if financial difficulties occurred. However it seems like the irresponsible selling and dealing in mortgage based investment securities triggered or at least played an important role in the current housing, credit and mortgage crisis. It therefore pays to check what kind of mortgage bonds you buy into.
Another important bond type is the Collateral Trust Bond. The security for collateral trust bonds is an intangible property, often stocks and bonds that the company owns. This type of bond guarantees that if the company can't pay your bond you get a piece of their company. This does not seem to be much help because by then the company is not likely to be worth much.
An interesting type of bond is the Convertible Bond. This hybrid bond adapts to varying circumstances. It can be exchanged for common shares at specified prices that can change over time. This bond is attractive because it can be very effective obtaining funds at a low interest at the beginning of a project when income is low but encourages conversion of bonds (debt) to ownership (stock). It is also a good option for clients that obtain a price protection on their investment without losing the possibility of profit provided by the stock feature. Obviously this is an attractive bond in periods of market uncertainty.
Another type of hybrid bond is the Income Bond. The Income Bond has a fixed maturity but you only get interest paid on it if the company also earns it. Historically these bonds appeared when railroads were "reorganized" which is fancy for gone bankrupt and bought by another corporation. The new owner offered this hybrid type of bond which was good for bond holders because it meant they didn't lose everything and allowed the company to wait until they were making a profit to pay dividends on the bonds.
Linked Bonds are yet another hybrid type of bond where the interest returns are linked to some standard value, like the price of gas, a cost of living index, a foreign currency or a combination of all the above. These bonds were popular in the states during inflationary periods and are not as common today. They are still used in countries where the fear of inflation deters investors from buying fixed income bonds. The idea is that there is little benefit in getting a 10% interest on your investment if the price of bread or the overall cost of living has risen by 30%. Linked bonds are designed to guarantee the return on your investment is real and not just a numbers game.
As you can see there are all kinds of bond securities to invest in. Bonds may be one of the safest and smartest investments for people who don't want the risk of buying and selling stocks but still want the potential for high returns on their investment. The hybrid bonds provide the best balance between security and profit potential. However no portfolio or circumstances are the same so contact a certified agent to find out what product is best for you.
Andrew Latham.
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